Description

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and symptoms. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a ring of muscle that acts as a valve between the esophagus and stomach, weakens or relaxes abnormally. Symptoms of GERD Common Symptoms: Heartburn (burning sensation in the chest, often after eating or at night). Regurgitation (sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into the throat or mouth). Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). Chest pain (may mimic heart-related pain). Less Common Symptoms: Chronic cough. Sore throat or hoarseness. Feeling of a lump in the throat (globus sensation). Asthma-like symptoms or worsening asthma. Dental erosion (due to acid exposure). Causes and Risk Factors Mechanical Issues: Weak or dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Hiatal hernia (stomach bulging into the diaphragm). Lifestyle Factors: Obesity or overweight. Smoking or alcohol use. Large meals or lying down after eating. Consuming trigger foods (e.g., spicy, fatty, or acidic foods, chocolate, caffeine). Medical Conditions: Pregnancy (due to increased abdominal pressure). Delayed stomach emptying (gastroparesis). Connective tissue disorders (e.g., scleroderma). Medications: Calcium channel blockers, antihistamines, NSAIDs, and certain asthma medications. Complications of Untreated GERD Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. Esophageal Strictures: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring. Barrett’s Esophagus: Precancerous changes in the esophageal lining. Esophageal Cancer: Increased risk in long-standing GERD with Barrett’s esophagus. Respiratory Issues: Aspiration pneumonia, chronic cough, or asthma exacerbations. Diagnosis Clinical Evaluation: Review of symptoms and medical history. Trial of lifestyle changes and medications (e.g., proton pump inhibitors) to assess response. Diagnostic Tests: Endoscopy: To examine the esophagus and rule out complications like esophagitis or Barrett’s esophagus. pH Monitoring: Measures acid levels in the esophagus over 24 hours. Esophageal Manometry: Assesses the function of the LES and esophageal muscles. Barium Swallow: X-ray imaging to detect structural abnormalities. Treatment Lifestyle Modifications: Avoid trigger foods and beverages (e.g., caffeine, alcohol, citrus, spicy foods). Eat smaller, more frequent meals. Avoid lying down for at least 2-3 hours after eating. Elevate the head of the bed 6-8 inches. Lose weight if overweight or obese. Quit smoking. Medications: Antacids: Provide quick relief by neutralizing stomach acid (e.g., Tums, Maalox). H2 Blockers: Reduce acid production (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine). Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Stronger acid suppression (e.g., omeprazole, esomeprazole). Prokinetics: Help strengthen the LES and improve stomach emptying (e.g., metoclopramide). Surgical Options: Fundoplication: Wrapping the top of the stomach around the LES to strengthen it. LINX Device: A magnetic ring placed around the LES to prevent reflux. Endoscopic Procedures: Less invasive options to tighten the LES. Prevention Maintain a healthy weight. Avoid overeating and late-night meals. Identify and avoid personal trigger foods. Manage stress, as it can exacerbate symptoms. When to See a Doctor Symptoms persist despite lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications. Difficulty swallowing or pain with swallowing. Unintentional weight loss. Chest pain (to rule out heart-related issues). Signs of complications (e.g., vomiting blood, black stools). GERD is a manageable condition, but untreated cases can lead to serious complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing long-term damage. If you suspect GERD, consult Dr. Snehal Makeshwar at his Gastro Cure Clinic, Panchsheel Square, Nagpur for proper evaluation and management.

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