Description

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that infects the liver, causing acute or chronic hepatitis. It is a major global health concern, with millions of people affected worldwide. Chronic HBV infection can lead to severe liver damage, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Transmission HBV is highly contagious and can be transmitted through: Blood and Body Fluids: Contact with infected blood (e.g., sharing needles, transfusions, or accidental needle sticks). Sexual contact with an infected person. Mother-to-Child: During childbirth (vertical transmission). Other Routes: Sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes. Tattooing or piercing with unsterilized equipment. Symptoms Acute Hepatitis B: Many people are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. Symptoms may include: Fatigue. Fever. Loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting. Abdominal pain. Dark urine. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Most adults recover fully, but some develop chronic infection. Chronic Hepatitis B: Often asymptomatic for years. Symptoms may appear as liver damage progresses: Fatigue. Jaundice. Swelling in the legs and abdomen (edema and ascites). Easy bruising or bleeding. Confusion or hepatic encephalopathy. Complications Chronic Liver Disease: Persistent inflammation leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Liver Failure: End-stage liver disease requiring transplantation. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Increased risk of liver cancer. Fulminant Hepatitis: Rare, life-threatening acute liver failure. Diagnosis Blood Tests: HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen): Indicates current infection. Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B Surface Antibody): Indicates immunity (from vaccination or recovery). Anti-HBc (Hepatitis B Core Antibody): Indicates past or current infection. HBV DNA: Measures viral load. Liver function tests (ALT, AST) to assess liver damage. Additional Tests: Ultrasound or FibroScan to evaluate liver fibrosis. Liver biopsy in some cases. Treatment Acute Hepatitis B: Usually self-limiting; supportive care (rest, hydration, and nutrition) is recommended. Antiviral therapy is rarely needed. Chronic Hepatitis B: Antiviral Medications: Nucleos(t)ide analogs (e.g., tenofovir, entecavir) to suppress viral replication. Interferon-alpha or pegylated interferon to boost the immune response. Regular Monitoring: Liver function tests, viral load, and screening for liver cancer. Lifestyle Changes: Avoid alcohol and hepatotoxic medications. Maintain a healthy diet and weight. Liver Transplant: For end-stage liver disease or liver cancer. Prevention Vaccination: The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective and recommended for: All infants (starting at birth). Unvaccinated children and adolescents. Adults at risk (e.g., healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners, IV drug users). A 3-dose series provides long-term immunity. Other Measures: Practice safe sex (use condoms). Avoid sharing needles or personal items. Ensure blood and organ donations are screened for HBV. Administer hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and vaccine to newborns of infected mothers. Global Impact Over 250 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection. The highest prevalence is in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Vaccination programs have significantly reduced new infections in many countries. When to Seek Medical Attention If you suspect exposure to HBV (e.g., unprotected sex, needle stick injury). If you experience symptoms of hepatitis (e.g., jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain). If you have chronic HBV and develop new or worsening symptoms. Hepatitis B is a preventable and manageable condition. Early diagnosis, vaccination, and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce the risk of complications.

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